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Pulse Propagation Modeling

Definition: working with physical models describing the propagation of ultrashort pulses e.g. in lasers or optical fibers

German: Modellierung der Pulsausbreitung

Categories: light pulses, methods, physical foundations

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When propagating in transparent optical media, the properties of ultrashort pulses can undergo complicated changes. Typical physical effects influencing pulses are:

Of course, different effects can act simultaneously, and often interact in surprising ways. For example, chromatic dispersion and Kerr nonlinearity can lead to soliton effects.

Relevance of Pulse Propagation Effects

Pulse propagation effects as mentioned above are relevant in various kinds of situations. Some examples are:

Techniques for Modeling of Pulse Propagation

Depending on the situation, different kinds of physical modeling techniques are required. Some of the most important ones are shortly described in the following:

  • The Haus Master equation is an analytical tool mainly for calculating the steady-state pulse properties obtained in mode-locked lasers. It can be seen as a generalization of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.
  • Soliton perturbation theory describes the propagation of soliton pulses which can be subject to gain or loss, spectral filtering, etc. A number of dynamic equations describe the evolution of the basic parameters of solitons under the influence of various effects. Also, the so-called continuum is included, i.e. a temporally broad background radiation with which a soliton can interact. Soliton perturbation theory can be used, e.g., to describe the generation of Kelly sidebands.
  • Models based on second-order moments of the complex electric field of a pulse [5] can also greatly reduce the number of dynamic variables. However, they are applicable only as long as the pulse shapes remain relatively simple. A difficulty is that it is not always obvious where the parameter region with a reasonable accuracy ends. The advantage of a significantly faster computation (compared with a full numerical simulation) becomes less important as the power of computers is increasing.
  • Numerical techniques are available for simulating pulse propagation in more general cases. A straightforward approach applicable e.g. to mode-locked lasers describes a short pulse with an array of complex amplitudes in the time or frequency domain. Linear effects such as dispersion are easily treated in the frequency domain, whereas nonlinear interactions are often (but not always) more conveniently handled in the time domain. As required, switching between both domains can be done with a fast Fourier transform algorithm (FFT techniques).
  • A special case is the symmetrized split-step Fourier method, used particularly for pulse propagation in fibers [9]. The (weak) dispersive and nonlinear effects corresponding to short fiber pieces are alternately applied. The numerical errors associated with the finite longitudinal step size can be minimized with a special symmetrization technique, which allows for higher accuracies without excessively increased computation times. Automatic step size control can be very important for computational efficiency.
  • Still more refined techniques take into account the transverse spatial variation as well. They can be used, e.g., to investigate Kerr lens mode locking or filamentation phenomena.
  • For propagation in multimode waveguides, it is often advantageous to describe the optical field as a superposition of propagation modes, which can be coupled e.g. via nonlinearities.

By applying statistical techniques, pulse propagation models can also be used to investigate noise phenomena [7].

Suppliers

The RP Photonics Buyer's Guide contains 5 suppliers for pulse propagation modeling software. Among them:

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Bibliography

[1]P. V. Mamyshev and S. V. Chernikov, “Ultrashort-pulse propagation in optical fibers”, Opt. Lett. 15 (19), 1076 (1990), doi:10.1364/OL.15.001076
[2]G. P. Agrawal, “Optical pulse propagation in doped fiber amplifiers”, Phys. Rev. A 44 (11), 7493 (1991), doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.44.7493
[3]H. A. Haus et al., “Structures for additive pulse mode locking”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 8 (10), 2068 (1991), doi:10.1364/JOSAB.8.002068
[4]P. L. François, “Nonlinear propagation of ultrashort pulses in optical fibers: total field formulation in the frequency domain”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 8 (2), 276 (1991), doi:10.1364/JOSAB.8.000276
[5]M. Potasek et al., “Analytic and numerical study of pulse broadening in nonlinear dispersive fibers”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3 (2), 205 (1992), doi:10.1364/JOSAB.3.000205
[6]D. Marcuse, “RMS width of pulses in nonlinear dispersive fibers”, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 10 (1), 17 (1992), doi:10.1109/50.108730
[7]R. Paschotta, “Noise of mode-locked lasers. Part I: numerical model”, Appl. Phys. B 79, 153 (2004); R. Paschotta, “Noise of mode-locked lasers. Part II: timing jitter and other fluctuations”, Appl. Phys. B 79, 163 (2004), doi:10.1007/s00340-004-1548-9
[8]B. Burgoyne et al., “Nonlinear pulse propagation in optical fibers using second order moments”, Opt. Express 15 (16), 10075 (2007), doi:10.1364/OE.15.010075
[9]G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 4th edn., Academic Press, New York (2007)
[10]R. Paschotta, tutorial on "Passive Fiber Optics"
[11]R. Paschotta, tutorial on "Passive Fiber Optics", Part 12: Ultrashort Pulses and Signals in Fibers
[12]R. Paschotta, tutorial on "Modeling of Fiber Amplifiers and Lasers", part 7

(Suggest additional literature!)

See also: dispersion, nonlinearities, nonlinear pulse distortion, pulse compression, double pulses, parabolic pulses, supercontinuum generation, Haus Master equation
and other articles in the categories light pulses, methods, physical foundations


Dr. R. Paschotta

This encyclopedia is authored by Dr. Rüdiger Paschotta, the founder and executive of RP Photonics Consulting GmbH. How about a tailored training course from this distinguished expert at your location? Contact RP Photonics to find out how his technical consulting services (e.g. product designs, problem solving, independent evaluations, training) and software could become very valuable for your business!

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